El Mundo · April 2026

• portrays US actions as aggressive or threatening
• uses distancing verbs like 'amenaza', 'arremete', 'advierte'
• highlights internal conflicts and controversies
• frames US policy as erratic or punitive

Coverage is mixed: some headlines report US actions neutrally (e.g., 14, 15), but many emphasize Trump's confrontational rhetoric and conflicts with allies, creating a skeptical overall stance toward the US as an entity.

• reports actions and statements without evaluative adjectives toward ES
• includes both positive and negative coverage of Spanish political actors
• uses direct quotes from various sources without clear editorial slant
• covers domestic and international issues factually

The entity is a country, not a person; coverage is broad and includes both favorable (e.g., sports legend, diplomatic moves) and critical (e.g., political infighting, scandals) angles, resulting in a neutral overall stance.

• portrays Trump as aggressive and irrational
• uses violent and hyperbolic quotes from Trump to frame him as dangerous
• highlights internal opposition and criticism of Trump
• frames Trump's actions as failures or overreactions

The outlet frequently quotes Trump's own aggressive statements, which could be seen as neutral reporting, but the selection and framing (e.g., 'se ensaña', 'vuelca su ira', 'amenaza') consistently cast him in a negative light. Headlines about internal rebellion and criticism from allies reinforce a hostile stance.

• frames Orban as a defeated or declining figure
• uses distancing and negative framing ('artimañas', 'bloqueo', 'filtraciones a Rusia')
• highlights EU relief at Orban's loss and his system as problematic
• quotes Orban's own admission of defeat, not his authority

Headline 10 is neutral reporting of a security matter; headline 11 reports Vance echoing Orban's discourse without evaluating Orban himself. Overall, the outlet treats Orban as a problematic figure whose loss is welcomed, but does not use outright hostile or delegitimising language (e.g., 'dictator', 'tyrant'), hence -1 rather than -2.

• frames Orban as a threat or obstacle to EU unity
• uses evaluative language like 'artimañas' (tricks) and 'bloqueo' (blockade)
• celebrates his defeat as a win for Europe
• portrays his electoral system as rigged and his power as corrupt

Headline 13 is neutral reporting of his concession, but the overwhelming majority of headlines are hostile, framing Orban as a problem to be removed and his loss as a positive outcome for Europe.