International recognition and normalisation with the new Syrian government

Arab capitals (Saudi, Gulf, Egypt) moved first with investment and recognition trajectories; Western capitals followed with calibrated sanctions easing and high-level visits; Russia negotiates base continuity; Ukraine made a symbolic security-talks visit. The shared logic: realism over purity tests, pull Syria out of the Iranian orbit, fund reconstruction, stabilise the Levant. The vocabulary: "pragmatic engagement", "calibrated sanctions relief", "reconstruction needs", "regional stabilisation", "post-conflict reintegration", "diplomatic realism". Prescription: continue calibrated engagement, condition relief on reform milestones, fund reconstruction, maintain dialogue.